Lipid accumulation product index in HIV-infected patients: a marker of cardiovascular risk

ABSTRACT The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index is an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. We aimed to assess the accuracy of this index as a marker of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study of 133 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral drugs and 20 non-infected controls was conducted at the outpatient clinic of a referral center of infectious and parasitic diseases. Evaluations included LAP index, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, glucose tolerance test, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Body mass index (BMI) was similar in both groups; however, waist circumference was greater in the HIV-infected patients. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) and HDL cholesterol levels were lower in HIV-infected patients (p < 0.001). Plasma glucose (p = 0.01) and insulin (p = 0.005) levels two hours after a glucose load, HOMA-IR index (p < 0.001) and LAP index (p < 0.001) were higher in the HIV-infected patients. A positive and significant correlation was found between HOMA-IR index and LAP (r = 0.615; p < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.334; p < 0.01) and waist circumference (r = 0.452; p < 0.01) in the HIV-infected patients. In male HIV-infected patients and controls, ROC curve analyses revealed that the best cut-off value of LAP to define the presence of insulin resistance was 64.8 (sensitivity 86%, specificity 77% and area under the curve 0.824). These results confirm that insulin resistance is more common in HIV-patients on antiretroviral drugs than in HIV-negative controls. A positive and significant correlation was found between the LAP index and the HOMA index, with LAP ≥ 64.8 constituting an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in male HIV patients.

Lipid accumulation product index in HIV-infected patients: a marker of cardiovascular risk.

The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index is an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. We aimed to assess the accuracy of this index as a marker of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study of 133 HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral drugs and 20 non-infected controls was conducted at the outpatient clinic of a referral center of infectious and parasitic diseases. Evaluations included LAP index, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, glucose tolerance test, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Body mass index (BMI) was similar in both groups; however, waist circumference was greater in the HIV-infected patients. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) and HDL cholesterol levels were lower in HIV-infected patients (p<0.001). Plasma glucose (p=0.01) and insulin (p=0.005) levels two hours after a glucose load, HOMA-IR index (p<0.001) and LAP index (p<0.001) were higher in the HIV-infected patients. A positive and significant correlation was found between HOMA-IR index and LAP (r=0.615; p<0.01), BMI (r=0.334; p<0.01) and waist circumference (r=0.452; p<0.01) in the HIV-infected patients. In male HIV-infected patients and controls, ROC curve analyses revealed that the best cut-off value of LAP to define the presence of insulin resistance was 64.8 (sensitivity 86%, specificity 77% and area under the curve 0.824). These results confirm that insulin resistance is more common in HIV-patients on antiretroviral drugs than in HIV-negative controls. A positive and significant correlation was found between the LAP index and the HOMA index, with LAP≥64.8 constituting an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in male HIV patients.

Parathyroid ultrasonography and bone metabolic profile of patients on dialysis with hyperparathyroidism.

AIM: To evaluate the parathyroid ultrasonography and define parameters that can predict poor response to treatment in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure. METHODS: This cohort study evaluated 85 patients with chronic kidney disease stage V with parathyroid hormone levels above 800 pg/mL. All patients underwent ultrasonography of the parathyroids and the following parameters were analyzed: Demographic characteristics (etiology of chronic kidney disease, gender, age, dialysis vintage, vascular access, use of vitamin D), laboratory (calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase), and the occurrence of bone changes, cardiovascular events and death. The χ(2) test were used to compare proportions or the Fisher exact test for small sample frequencies. Student t-test was used to detect differences between the two groups regarding continuous variables. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (66.4%) had parathyroid nodules with higher levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus. Sixteen patients underwent parathyroidectomy and had higher levels of phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product (P = 0.03 and P = 0.006, respectively). They also had lower mortality (32% vs 68%, P = 0.01) and lower incidence of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (27% vs 73%, P = 0.02). Calcium × phosphorus product above 55 mg(2)/dL(2) [RR 1.48 (1.06, 2.08), P = 0.03], presence of vascular calcification [1.33 (1.01, 1.76), P = 0.015] and previous occurrence of vascular events [RR 2.25 (1.27, 3.98), P < 0.001] were risk factors for mortality in this population. There was no association between the occurrence of nodules and mortality. CONCLUSION: The identification of nodules at ultrasonography strengthens the indication for parathyroidectomy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure.

Avaliação dos relatórios de referência recebidos em um serviço público universitário de Endocrinologia de Belo Horizonte / Evaluation of reference reports received in a universitypublic service in Endocrinology in Belo Horizonte

Introdução: o sistema de referência e contrarreferência (RCR) define um fluxo hierarquizado de atenção aos pacientes e/ou de comunicação entre profissionais. A referência é um documento que demanda uma consultoria e/ou encaminha pacientes a outros médicos (consultores), que elaboram um documento-resposta, a contrarreferência. No Brasil, o RCR não funciona bem e não há estudos que o avaliem sistematicamente. Objetivos: avaliar relatórios de referência provenientes de serviços de saúde da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte (PBH), de municípios da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH) e do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG (HC), elaborados por clínicos gerais (CLN) ou especialistas (ESP), recebidos no Serviço de Endocrinologia do HC, e definir informações necessárias em referência que permitam ao consultor decidir por interconsulta presencial. Foram considerados CLNs os médicos que atuam no Programa Saúdeda Família (PSF) ou clínicos da atenção secundária e terciária. Métodos: trata-se de estudo seccional e observacional. Resultados: dois pesquisadores (k=0,652) avaliaram 282 relatórios, sendo constatado que 62% poderiam ser abordados na atenção primária. A frequência de relatórios com informações suficientes para a tomada de decisãofoi maior naqueles oriundos do HC e elaborados por especialistas. Maior número de relatórios foi aceito quando apresentaram doenças próprias da Endocrinologia, dados do exame físico e dos exames complementares. Conclusões: a maioria dos pacientes referidos apresentava transtornos abordáveis na AP e um relatório de referência deve conter diagnóstico, dados dos exames complementares e do exame físico.

Introduction: the reference and counter-reference system (RCR) defines a hierarchical flow of assistance to patients and/or communication among professionals. The reference is a document that requires consulting and/or forwards patients to other doctors (consultants) who draw up a reply document, the counter-reference. In Brazil, the RCR system does not work well, and no study has systematically evaluated it. Objectives: to evaluate reference reports from health services from Belo Horizonte (PBH), municipalities in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH), and the General Hospital from UFMG (HC) elaborated by general practitioners (GP) or specialists (ESP) and received in the Endocrinology Service from the GH, and define the necessary information in reference to enable the consultant to decide for a face-to-face consultation. The doctors who work in the Family Health Program (FHP) or secondary and tertiary care doctors were considered GPs. Methods: this was an observational and sectional study. Results: two researchers (k = 0.652) evaluated 282 reports and identified that 62% could have been assisted in the primary care. The frequency of reports with enough information for decision-making was greater in those from the GH and elaborated by specialists. A greater number of reports were accepted when presenting endocrinology diseases and physical and complementary examination data. Conclusions: most of the referred patients presented disorders that could have received care in the primary.care; a reference report must contain a diagnosis and datafrom additional tests and physical examination

Doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica e a infecção pelo HIV: uma atualização / Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and HIV infection: an update

Antes da introdução da terapia antirretroviral de alta potência, as complicações cardiovasculares na população infectada pelo HIV eram relacionadas à imunossupressão. Entretanto, após o advento do uso combinado das drogas antirretrovirais, houve considerável diminuição na morbidade e na mortalidade desses pacientes. Porém, aparentemente,complicações metabólicas como resistência insulínica e dislipidemia passaram a ser mais frequentes nesses indivíduos, sugerindo aumento do risco de doença aterosclerótica. O objetivo deste artigo é rever a literatura e descrever as complicações cardiovasculares da infecção pelo HIV, com ênfase no período pós-terapia antirretroviral combinada. A revisão foi realizada dando destaque aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares e, principalmente, à doença cardíaca aterosclerótica e suas particularidades na população infectada pelo HIV...

Before high-power antiretroviral therapy was introduced, cardiovascular complications in the HIV-infected population were mainly related to immunosuppression. However, after the advent of combined use antiretroviral drugs the morbimortality of these patients decreased considerably. It seems, however, that metabolic complications such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia have become more frequent, suggesting an increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and describe the cardiovascular complications related to HIV infection, with an emphasis on the period after combined antiretroviral therapy was introduced. The review was conducted to highlight the cardiovascular risk factors, mainly of atherosclerotic heart disease and its peculiarities among the HIV-infected population...

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs and their correlation with factors related to cardiovascular risk and HIV infection.

AIMS: To compare high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral (ARV) drugs and to correlate hsCRP levels with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and parameters of HIV infection. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-one HIV-infected patients were included (129 ARV-treated and 42 ARV-naïve). Evaluations included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, laboratory tests, ultrasonographic measurement of fat thickness and impedance analysis. RESULTS: hsCRP levels were higher in ARV-treated compared to ARV-naïve patients (p<0.001). Seventy-two (56%) ARV-treated patients and 11 (26%) ARV-naïve patients had hsCRP concentrations >3 mg/dl (high risk for cardiovascular complications) (OR 3.56; 95%CI: 1.55-8.29; p=0.001, chi(2) test). hsCRP levels correlated positively with waist measurement (p=0.004), waist-to-hip ratio (p<0.001), systolic (p=0.05) and diastolic (p=0.03) blood pressure, intra-abdominal fat thickness (p=0.02), triglycerides (p=0.001), total cholesterol (p=0.01), fasting glucose (p=0.01), and glucose (p<0.001) and insulin levels (p=0.02) measured 2 h after load. No correlation was found between hsCRP levels and CD4 cell counts and HIV-viral load. Independent factors associated with hsCRP levels were therapy with current non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) (p=0.003), waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.006), fasting glucose (p=0.049) and glucose levels 2 h after load (p=0.003) in multivariate analysis model 1 and current NNRTI therapy (p<0.001), protease inhibitor therapy (p=0.016) and cardiometabolic syndrome (p=0.022) in multivariate analysis model 2. CONCLUSION: hsCRP in HIV-infected patients is associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, principally in ARV-treated patients. hsCRP levels are not associated with CD4 cell counts and HIV-viral load and may constitute a marker for cardiovascular risk related to HIV infection and ARV therapy.

Ultrasonographic measurement of intra-abdominal fat thickness in HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs and its correlation to lipid and glycemic profiles.

AIMS: To compare the intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasound between HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs and to correlate these visceral adiposity measurements to other parameters of cardiovascular risks. METHODS: In a transversal observational study, 160 HIV-infected patients were recruited and divided in two groups, i.e., 123 antiretroviral (ARV)-treated and 37 ARV-naïve patients. These patients were submitted to anthropometric determinations, laboratorial analysis, ultrasonographic measurements of subcutaneous and intra- abdominal fat thickness and to tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis in order to measure the body composition. RESULTS: In the patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the intra-abdominal fat pad was significantly thicker than that of the untreated group (69 +/- 21 mm, n = 123 vs. 60 +/- 18 mm, n = 37; p = 0.03 Student's t test). The intra-abdominal fat thickness correlated significantly with plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, glucose measurements 2 h after dextrose load, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, weight, BMI, WHR and caliper-measured total fat percentage. CONCLUSION: The results showed that antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased ultrasonographic measurements of visceral adiposity. Our data demonstrated a strong correlation between intra-abdominal fat thickness and independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease: atherogenic lipid profile and insulin resistance.

The pregnancy-induced increase of plasma angiotensin-(1-7) is blunted in gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that the circulating Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is activated during normal pregnancy, but little is known about RAS in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). GDM is considered not merely a temporary condition, but a harbinger of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating RAS profile in normotensive women with GDM at the third trimester of pregnancy and to compare the results with healthy pregnant and non-pregnant age-matched women. METHODS: The diagnostic criteria for GDM followed the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association. Angiotensin I (Ang I), Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] were determined in 24 pregnant patients with GDM; 12 healthy pregnant women and 12 non-pregnant women by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Levels of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were higher in pregnant women (p<0.05), but showed a different pattern in the GDM group, in which reduced Ang-(1-7) circulating levels were found (p<0.05). This observation was confirmed by the significantly lower Ang-(1-7)/Ang I ratio (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that reduced levels of the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) could be implicated in the endothelial dysfunction seen in gestational diabetic women during and after pregnancy.